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EIGRP Characteristics

1. Hybrid Protocol
2. Cisco Proprietary
3. Created in 1994
4. First Release in IOS 9.21
5. Use IP Port 88
6. Make Automatic Summarization
7. Classless Protocol
8. Support Manual Summarization
9. Send Updates to Multicast Address 224.0.0.10
10. Hello-Interval  5 Seconds
11. Hold-time    15 Seconds
12. Support MD5 Authentication
13. Administrative Distance for Internal routes is 90
14. Administrative Distance for External routes is 170
15. has a Max Hope count of 255, by default is 100.
16. Maximum path load balancing are 6 and by default 4
17. Send non-periodic, partial and bounded updates.
18. Default composite Metric of Bandwidth and Delay
19. Use DUAL for Loop Prevention and generating Successor / feasible Successor
20. Does not restrict that neighbors must have same Hello and Dead interval timers like OSPF

VTP (VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL)

VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL is a Cisco proprietary layer 2 messaging Protocol that manages the addition, deletion, and renaming of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN) on a network-wide basis. Cisco's Vlan Trunk protocol reduces administration in a switched-network. when a new VLAN is configured on one VTP Server, the VLAN is distributed through all switches in the domain. This reduces the need to configure the same vlan everywhere. To do this VTP carries VLAN information to all the switches in a VTP Domain.

Switches within a VTP management domain synchronize their VLAN database by sending and receiving VTP advertisements over trunk link. VTP advertisement are flooded throughout the management domain by switches that are running in specific modes of operation. Advertisements are sent every 5 minutes or whenever there is a change in VLAN configuration. VTP advertisements are transmitted over VLAN1, using a layer 2 Multicast frame. VLAN advertisements are not propagated from a switch until a management domain name is specified or learned. VTP advertisement can be sent over ISL, 802.1q, IEEE 802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP Traffic is sent over the management VLAN (VLAN1), so all VLAN trunks must be configured to pass VLAN1.

VTP will advertise VLANs 1-1005 only. VTP update are exchanged only across trunk links. Each switch operates in a given VTP mode that determines how VTP updates are sent from and received by that switch.

A device that receives a VTP advertisement will check that the VTP management domain name and password in the advertisement match those configured in the local switch. If a match is found, a switch further inspects the VTP update to see the configuration revision number. If the configuration revision number of the message is greater than the number currently in use, and the switch is running in VTP server or client mode, the switch overwrites its current VLAN information with that in the received update.

Mumtaz Qadri’s Fan-Pages Removed from Facebook

Facebook has removed Mumtaz Qadri’s fanpage from its website, which had managed to attract more than 2,000 fans in less than 24 hours.

Fan-page for Mumtaz Qadri was immediately created by some unknown internet user in Pakistan last night, just hours after the Mumtaz Qadri killed Mr. Salman Taseer in Islamabad, told us a ProPakistani reader who had joined the page last night.

At least 2,000 fans had joined this page, a good number in short span of time for a country like Pakistan.

There are reports that Facebook has deleted at least one dozen pages that were praising Malik Mumtaz Qadri, who has reportedly killed Mr. Salman Taseer in response to his statement against blasphemy law.

Facebook Users are still creating fan-pages for Mumtaz Qadri, but with relatively lower follower-ship. They are likely to get deleted by Facebook soon.

It merits mentioning here that Facebook removes a fan-page from its website if it is reported by sufficient number of users.

However, this doesn’t happen all the time, as Facebook had decided not to remove a page that was spreading hatred against Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) and Muslims at large, in response to which Pakistan had to ban Facebook for two weeks in May 2010.

Link: Propakistan

Exercise # 1

::DEFAULT CONFIGURATION VALUES OF A SWITCH::


Switch#show vtp status
VTP Version                     : 2
Configuration Revision          : 0
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 1005
Number of existing VLANs        : 5
VTP Operating Mode              : Server
VTP Domain Name                 :
VTP Pruning Mode                : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode                     : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation            : Disabled
MD5 digest                      : 0x7D 0x5A 0xA6 0x0E 0x9A 0x72 0xA0 0x3A
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 0-0-00 00:00:00
Local updater ID is 0.0.0.0 (no valid interface found)